Rosalyn Sussan Yalow, co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology in 1977, although both her M.S. and Ph.D. were earned in nuclear physics for the development of radioimmunoassay. She wanted to go to medical school but she was a woman and Jewish and was advised to become a secretary. She and Dr. Solomon Berson, discovered radioisotopes for diagnosis to measure minute quantities of biologically active molecules. Both researchers refused to patent the method and gave it to the world.